Family 

• Harsh and or ineffective disciplinary practices, excessive or weak parental control, lack or rigid boundaries 

• Poor parental monitoring and supervision 

• Low levels of family bonding or attachment, communication, closeness, and affection 

• High levels of conflict including marital  

• Inconsistent parenting 

• Parent(s) with antisocial behavior 

• Parental Mental disorder 

• Chaotic home environment 

• Low levels of mother-child warmth 

• High levels of mother-child hostility 

• High family risk-taking behaviors 

• Low parental support and involvement 

• Abuse, especially sexual 

• Divorce or death of parent 

• Parentification, having to assume adult roles prematurely